Ravindra Devrani

• In dotnet, a Middleware is a piece of code that runs in the request pipeline.
• Middlewares are put together in a sequence, and their order matters.
• When a request is made, it goes through each of the middleware.
• Response flow back in reverse order through the middleware.
• Each middleware has capability to modify the request or short circuits the pipeline.
• Each middleware can change the response before it’s sent to the client.

Create a new web api project

Run these commands in a sequence to create a new project.

dotnet new sln -o JwtDotnet9

cd JwtDotnet9

dotnet sln add JwtDotnet9/JwtDotnet9.csproj

Open the project in vs code.

code .

=> Source Code

=> Securing The .NET 9 App: Signup, Login, JWT, Refresh Tokens, and Role Based Access with PostgreSQL

Install the required nuget packages

dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer

Jwt configuration in appsettings

Open appsettings.json and add these lines

• byte is a value type in c#
• byte is an unsigned integer which stores value from 0 to 255, which means it can not store negetive numbers.
• Size of byte is 8-bit (1 byte)
• CTS equivalent of byte is System.Byte
• It’s default value is 0
• It is great for memory optimization when dealing with small numbers.

Examples:

byte a = 10;

Console.WriteLine(a);

Use cases

1. Working with ASCII value

 byte asciiValue = (byte)'R'; // 82
 byte asciiValue2 = (byte)'r'; // 114

2. Encoding text into bytes

 using System.Text;

 string message = "Ravindra";
 byte[] encoded = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);

 Console.WriteLine($"{string.Join(",",encoded)}");

 // op: 82,97,118,105,110,100,114,97

Note: Each character is encoded using UTF-8. For standard letters, the byte values match their ASCII codes.. (R: 82, a:97, v:118 …)

There has been a discussion around town about the difference between an IEnumerable and an IQueryable, especially in c# interviews. I won’t be diving into the fact that IEnumerable is part of the System.Collections namespace and IQueryable belongs to System.Linq namespace (or did I???). Rather, I’ll focus on the practical usage of both—how they work, and when to use each.

IQueryable

 public IActionResult GetPeople()
 {
  // It will retrieve 2 records from database 
  IQueryable<Person> people = _context.People.Take(2); 
  //  Note: At the above line, no data will be retrieved from the database

  return Ok(people); // Data will be retrieved here
 }

Corresponding sql

Note that, I am using Sqlite, the above code is translated to this query:

There might be instances when you want to insert bulk data. For an instance, you want to create an order, where you need to add multiple items. Let’s see how can we insert bulk data in c# using dapper.

Note: It is only good for adding bunch of rows. But if you are looking for adding hundreds of rows then better to use other approaches. There are many, if you look out.

Let’s say you want to execute a code block when Book table is not empty. In Entity Framework Core, we can achieve this in two ways (there might be others but I am unaware of them):

Option 1:

 if(context.Books.Count()>0)
 {
     // do something
 }

Option 2:

 if (context.Books.Any())
 {
     // do something
 }

Note 📢: I am testing these queries against a table containing 1 million rows.

1. Contents of a file: ls
2. Content list with long format: ls -l or ls -l -h human readable or concat the both ls -lh.
3. Change directory: cd DirectoryName
4. Move to the upper directory: cd ..
5. Switch to previous directory : cd -
6. Change to home directory: cd ~
7. Go to full path: cd /Home/Documents/Pitctures/MyPictures
8. Tilde (~) for home directory : MyPc:~/Documents$ cd ~/Videos
9. Clear screen: clear
10. Show different drives in the computer (List block devices): lsblk
11. Opening a file in the text editor :

# open in nano
nano filename

#open in xed editor
xed filename

12. Root directory: cd /
13. Press Tab to autocomlete.
14. Create a directory : mkdir blah
15. Remove a directory : rmdir blah
16. Creating a blank file : touch something.txt 14.1. Creating multiple files at once: touch f1.txt f2.txt f3.txt f4.md f5.md
17. Printing something in terminal : echo hello
18. Create a file with text: echo "blah blah" > blah.txt
19. Show contents of a file: cat blah.txt
20. Copy file : cp /source/filename.ext destination/filename.ext

# note: I am currently in the `Desktop` directory
# copy `blah.txt` from `Desktop` to `Documents` directory

cp blah.txt ~/Documents/blah2.txt

# copy `blah.txt` from `Desktop` to `Documents` directory with changed filename

cp blah.txt ~/Documents/blah2.txt 

# it will copy `blah.txt from `Desktop` to `Documents` directory with changed file name `blah2.txt`

19. Copy all files (. allfiles.allextensions): cp *.* ~/Documents

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My Distro

I am using linux mint 22.1 which is based on Ubuntu 24.04.

Straightforeward command

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install -y dotnet-sdk-9.0

But…

I have tried to run this command sudo apt-get install -y dotnet-sdk-9.0 but unfortunately I got no success. I have found that, this command works only with Ubuntu 24.10. For Ubuntu 24.04 I need to use different approach.

Uninstall prior version if exists

sudo apt-get remove dotnet-sdk-8.0

Now, run these commands in a sequence:

Stored procedure

CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[CreateTrackEntry]
  @EntryDate DATE,
  @SleptAt DATETIME2,
  @WokeUpAt DATETIME2,
  @NapInMinutes SMALLINT,
  @TotalWorkInMinutes SMALLINT,
  @Remarks NVARCHAR(1000) = NULL,
  @TrackEntryId INT OUTPUT
AS
BEGIN
   -- code removed for brevity

END

We have a stored procedure that returns TrackEntryId as an output parameter. Let’s see how can we execute it from the dapper?

using IDbConnection connection = new SqlConnection(_connectionString);

var parameters = new DynamicParameters(trackEntryToCreate);
// Input params
parameters.Add("@EntryDate", trackEntryToCreate.EntryDate);
parameters.Add("@SleptAt", trackEntryToCreate.SleptAt);
parameters.Add("@WokeUpAt", trackEntryToCreate.WokeUpAt);
parameters.Add("@NapInMinutes", trackEntryToCreate.NapInMinutes);
parameters.Add("@TotalWorkInMinutes", trackEntryToCreate.TotalWorkInMinutes);
parameters.Add("@Remarks", trackEntryToCreate.Remarks);

// output params
parameters.Add("@TrackEntryId", dbType: DbType.Int32, direction: ParameterDirection.Output);

await connection.ExecuteAsync("CreateTrackEntry", parameters,commandType:CommandType.StoredProcedure);

int trackEntryId = parameters.Get<int>("@TrackEntryId");

SwaggerUI, which was previously bundled with .NET Core APIs, has been dropped in .NET 9. However, .NET Core Web APIs still support generating OpenAPI documents. .NET Core apps have built-in support for generating information about endpoints and it uses Microsoft.AspNetCore.OpenApi package for that. To configure interactive UIs for these OpenAPI documents, we have several options. We are going to explore these two:

1. Swashbuckle SwaggerUI
2. Scalar

Create a new project, if does not have an existing

Execute these commands in a sequence